Being a Semitic language, Hebrew belongs to the Afro-Asiatic language family. Hebrew is one of the several official languages of Israel, along with that of Arabic. In its modern form, Hebrew is spoken by more than 7 million people in Israel, whilst Classical Hebrew has been in use for prayer and study in Jewish communities, for about two thousand years.
Hebrew refers to one of the several dialects of the Canaanite language – Hebrew (Israel) and Moabite (Jordan) are southern Canaanite dialects while Phoenician (Lebanon) is a northern dialect. Hebrew is the sole survivor of the Canaanite dialects and flourished as a spoken language in Israel from the 10th century B.C. It continued as a literary language till it was revived later in the 19th century B.C.
Classical Hebrew in general refers to the spoken language of Israel which flourished between the 10th century B.C.E. and the 4th century C.E. It consists of various overlapping dialects and each phase of classical Hebrew is named after important literary works that are associated with it. The Dead Sea Scrolls, late Biblical Hebrew corresponding to the Persian period, Mishnaic Hebrew from the 1st to the 4th century C.E., ‘The Song of Moses’ and ‘The Song of Deborah’, are examples of Classical Hebrew.
Standard Hebrew, as developed by Eliezer Ben Yehuda, was intended to be based on Mishnaic spelling and Sephardi Hebrew pronunciation. However, the earliest speakers of Modern Hebrew had Yiddish as their native tongue and therefore brought into Hebrew, idioms and literal translations from Yiddish. The language, as spoken in Israel, then adapted to Ashkenazi Hebrew phonology in some respects.
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